--- pipeline_tag: image-text-to-text datasets: - openbmb/RLAIF-V-Dataset library_name: transformers language: - multilingual tags: - minicpm-v - vision - ocr - multi-image - video - custom_code license: apache-2.0 ---

A GPT-4o Level MLLM for Single Image, Multi Image and High-FPS Video Understanding on Your Phone

[GitHub](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM-o) | [CookBook](https://github.com/OpenSQZ/MiniCPM-V-CookBook) | [Technical Report](https://huggingface.co/papers/2509.18154) | [Demo](http://101.126.42.235:30910/) ## MiniCPM-V 4.5 **MiniCPM-V 4.5** is the latest and most capable model in the MiniCPM-V series. The model is built on Qwen3-8B and SigLIP2-400M with a total of 8B parameters. It exhibits a significant performance improvement over previous MiniCPM-V and MiniCPM-o models, and introduces new useful features. Notable features of MiniCPM-V 4.5 include: - 🔥 **State-of-the-art Vision-Language Capability.** MiniCPM-V 4.5 achieves an average score of 77.0 on OpenCompass, a comprehensive evaluation of 8 popular benchmarks. **With only 8B parameters, it surpasses widely used proprietary models like GPT-4o-latest, Gemini-2.0 Pro, and strong open-source models like Qwen2.5-VL 72B** for vision-language capabilities, making it the most performant MLLM under 30B parameters. - 🎬 **Efficient High-FPS and Long Video Understanding.** Powered by a new unified 3D-Resampler over images and videos, MiniCPM-V 4.5 can now achieve 96x compression rate for video tokens, where 6 448x448 video frames can be jointly compressed into 64 video tokens (normally 1,536 tokens for most MLLMs). This means that the model can perceive significantly more video frames without increasing the LLM inference cost. This brings state-of-the-art high-FPS (up to 10FPS) video understanding and long video understanding capabilities on Video-MME, LVBench, MLVU, MotionBench, FavorBench, etc., efficiently. - ⚙️ **Controllable Hybrid Fast/Deep Thinking.** MiniCPM-V 4.5 supports both fast thinking for efficient frequent usage with competitive performance, and deep thinking for more complex problem solving. To cover efficiency and performance trade-offs in different user scenarios, this fast/deep thinking mode can be switched in a highly controlled fashion. - 💪 **Strong OCR, Document Parsing and Others.** Based on [LLaVA-UHD](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.11703) architecture, MiniCPM-V 4.5 can process high-resolution images with any aspect ratio and up to 1.8 million pixels (e.g., 1344x1344), using 4x less visual tokens than most MLLMs. The model achieves **leading performance on OCRBench, surpassing proprietary models such as GPT-4o-latest and Gemini 2.5**. It also achieves state-of-the-art performance for PDF document parsing capability on OmniDocBench among general MLLMs. Based on the latest [RLAIF-V](https://github.com/RLHF-V/RLAIF-V/) and [VisCPM](https://github.com/OpenBMB/VisCPM) techniques, it features **trustworthy behaviors**, outperforming GPT-4o-latest on MMHal-Bench, and supports **multilingual capabilities** in more than 30 languages. - 💫 **Easy Usage.** MiniCPM-V 4.5 can be easily used in various ways: (1) [llama.cpp](https://github.com/tc-mb/llama.cpp/blob/Support-MiniCPM-V-4.5/docs/multimodal/minicpmv4.5.md) and [ollama](https://github.com/tc-mb/ollama/tree/MIniCPM-V) support for efficient CPU inference on local devices, (2) [int4](https://huggingface.co/openbmb/MiniCPM-V-4_5-int4), [GGUF](https://huggingface.co/openbmb/MiniCPM-V-4_5-gguf) and [AWQ](https://github.com/tc-mb/AutoAWQ) format quantized models in 16 sizes, (3) [SGLang](https://github.com/tc-mb/sglang/tree/main) and [vLLM](#efficient-inference-with-llamacpp-ollama-vllm) support for high-throughput and memory-efficient inference, (4) fine-tuning on new domains and tasks with [Transformers](https://github.com/tc-mb/transformers/tree/main) and [LLaMA-Factory](./docs/llamafactory_train_and_infer.md), (5) quick [local WebUI demo](#chat-with-our-demo-on-gradio), (6) optimized [local iOS app](https://github.com/tc-mb/MiniCPM-o-demo-iOS) on iPhone and iPad, and (7) online web demo on [server](http://101.126.42.235:30910/). See our [Cookbook](https://github.com/OpenSQZ/MiniCPM-V-CookBook) for full usages! ### Key Techniques

- **Architechture: Unified 3D-Resampler for High-density Video Compression.** MiniCPM-V 4.5 introduces a 3D-Resampler that overcomes the performance-efficiency trade-off in video understanding. By grouping and jointly compressing up to 6 consecutive video frames into just 64 tokens (the same token count used for a single image in MiniCPM-V series), MiniCPM-V 4.5 achieves a 96× compression rate for video tokens. This allows the model to process more video frames without additional LLM computational cost, enabling high-FPS video and long video understanding. The architecture supports unified encoding for images, multi-image inputs, and videos, ensuring seamless capability and knowledge transfer. - **Pre-training: Unified Learning for OCR and Knowledge from Documents.** Existing MLLMs learn OCR capability and knowledge from documents in isolated training approaches. We observe that the essential difference between these two training approaches is the visibility of the text in images. By dynamically corrupting text regions in documents with varying noise levels and asking the model to reconstruct the text, the model learns to adaptively and properly switch between accurate text recognition (when text is visible) and multimodal context-based knowledge reasoning (when text is heavily obscured). This eliminates reliance on error-prone document parsers in knowledge learning from documents, and prevents hallucinations from over-augmented OCR data, resulting in top-tier OCR and multimodal knowledge performance with minimal engineering overhead. - **Post-training: Hybrid Fast/Deep Thinking with Multimodal RL.** MiniCPM-V 4.5 offers a balanced reasoning experience through two switchable modes: fast thinking for efficient daily use and deep thinking for complex tasks. Using a new hybrid reinforcement learning method, the model jointly optimizes both modes, significantly enhancing fast-mode performance without compromising deep-mode capability. Incorporated with [RLPR](https://github.com/OpenBMB/RLPR) and [RLAIF-V](https://github.com/RLHF-V/RLAIF-V), it generalizes robust reasoning skills from broad multimodal data while effectively reducing hallucinations. ### Evaluation

### Inference Efficiency **OpenCompass**

Model	Size	Avg Score ↑	Total Inference Time ↓
GLM-4.1V-9B-Thinking	10.3B	76.6	17.5h
MiMo-VL-7B-RL	8.3B	76.4	11h
MiniCPM-V 4.5	8.7B	77.0	7.5h

**Video-MME**

Model	Size	Avg Score ↑	Total Inference Time ↓	GPU Mem ↓
Qwen2.5-VL-7B-Instruct	8.3B	71.6	3h	60G
GLM-4.1V-9B-Thinking	10.3B	73.6	2.63h	32G
MiniCPM-V 4.5	8.7B	73.5	0.26h	28G

Both Video-MME and OpenCompass were evaluated using 8×A100 GPUs for inference. The reported inference time of Video-MME includes full model-side computation, and excludes the external cost of video frame extraction (dependent on specific frame extraction tools) for fair comparison. ### Examples

We deploy MiniCPM-V 4.5 on iPad M4 with [iOS demo](https://github.com/tc-mb/MiniCPM-o-demo-iOS). The demo video is the raw screen recording without editing.

## Framework Support Matrix

Category	Framework	Cookbook Link	Upstream PR	Supported since(branch)	Supported since(release)
Edge(On-device)	Llama.cpp	Llama.cpp Doc	#15575(2025-08-26)	master(2025-08-26)	b6282
Edge(On-device)	Ollama	Ollama Doc	#12078(2025-08-26)	Merging	Waiting for official release
Serving(Cloud)	vLLM	vLLM Doc	#23586(2025-08-26)	main(2025-08-27)	v0.10.2
Serving(Cloud)	SGLang	SGLang Doc	#9610(2025-08-26)	Merging	Waiting for official release
Finetuning	LLaMA-Factory	LLaMA-Factory Doc	#9022(2025-08-26)	main(2025-08-26)	Waiting for official release
Quantization	GGUF	GGUF Doc	—	—	—
	BNB	BNB Doc	—	—	—
	AWQ	AWQ Doc	—	—	—
Demos	Gradio Demo	Gradio Demo Doc	—	—	—

> Note: If you'd like us to prioritize support for another open-source framework, please let us know via this [short form](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdyTUrOPBgWqPexs3ORrg47ZcZ1r4vFQaA4ve2iA7L9sMfMWw/viewform). ## Usage If you wish to enable thinking mode, provide the argument `enable_thinking=True` to the chat function. #### Chat with Image ```python import torch from PIL import Image from transformers import AutoModel, AutoTokenizer torch.manual_seed(100) model = AutoModel.from_pretrained('openbmb/MiniCPM-V-4_5', trust_remote_code=True, # or openbmb/MiniCPM-o-2_6 attn_implementation='sdpa', torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16) # sdpa or flash_attention_2, no eager model = model.eval().cuda() tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('openbmb/MiniCPM-V-4_5', trust_remote_code=True) # or openbmb/MiniCPM-o-2_6 image = Image.open('./assets/minicpmo2_6/show_demo.jpg').convert('RGB') enable_thinking=False # If `enable_thinking=True`, the thinking mode is enabled. stream=True # If `stream=True`, the answer is string # First round chat question = "What is the landform in the picture?" msgs = [{'role': 'user', 'content': [image, question]}] answer = model.chat( msgs=msgs, tokenizer=tokenizer, enable_thinking=enable_thinking, stream=True ) generated_text = "" for new_text in answer: generated_text += new_text print(new_text, flush=True, end='') # Second round chat, pass history context of multi-turn conversation msgs.append({"role": "assistant", "content": [generated_text]}) msgs.append({"role": "user", "content": ["What should I pay attention to when traveling here?"]}) answer = model.chat( msgs=msgs, tokenizer=tokenizer, stream=True ) generated_text = "" for new_text in answer: generated_text += new_text print(new_text, flush=True, end='') ``` You will get the following output: ```shell # round1 The landform in the picture is karst topography. Karst landscapes are characterized by distinctive, jagged limestone hills or mountains with steep, irregular peaks and deep valleys—exactly what you see here These unique formations result from the dissolution of soluble rocks like limestone over millions of years through water erosion. This scene closely resembles the famous karst landscape of Guilin and Yangshuo in China’s Guangxi Province. The area features dramatic, pointed limestone peaks rising dramatically above serene rivers and lush green forests, creating a breathtaking and iconic natural beauty that attracts millions of visitors each year for its picturesque views. # round2 When traveling to a karst landscape like this, here are some important tips: 1. Wear comfortable shoes: The terrain can be uneven and hilly. 2. Bring water and snacks for energy during hikes or boat rides. 3. Protect yourself from the sun with sunscreen, hats, and sunglasses—especially since you’ll likely spend time outdoors exploring scenic spots. 4. Respect local customs and nature regulations by not littering or disturbing wildlife. By following these guidelines, you'll have a safe and enjoyable trip while appreciating the stunning natural beauty of places such as Guilin’s karst mountains. ``` #### Chat with Video ```python ## The 3d-resampler compresses multiple frames into 64 tokens by introducing temporal_ids. # To achieve this, you need to organize your video data into two corresponding sequences: # frames: List[Image] # temporal_ids: List[List[Int]]. import torch from PIL import Image from transformers import AutoModel, AutoTokenizer from decord import VideoReader, cpu # pip install decord from scipy.spatial import cKDTree import numpy as np import math model = AutoModel.from_pretrained('openbmb/MiniCPM-V-4_5', trust_remote_code=True, # or openbmb/MiniCPM-o-2_6 attn_implementation='sdpa', torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16) # sdpa or flash_attention_2, no eager model = model.eval().cuda() tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('openbmb/MiniCPM-V-4_5', trust_remote_code=True) # or openbmb/MiniCPM-o-2_6 MAX_NUM_FRAMES=180 # Indicates the maximum number of frames received after the videos are packed. The actual maximum number of valid frames is MAX_NUM_FRAMES * MAX_NUM_PACKING. MAX_NUM_PACKING=3 # indicates the maximum packing number of video frames. valid range: 1-6 TIME_SCALE = 0.1 def map_to_nearest_scale(values, scale): tree = cKDTree(np.asarray(scale)[:, None]) _, indices = tree.query(np.asarray(values)[:, None]) return np.asarray(scale)[indices] def group_array(arr, size): return [arr[i:i+size] for i in range(0, len(arr), size)] def encode_video(video_path, choose_fps=3, force_packing=None): def uniform_sample(l, n): gap = len(l) / n idxs = [int(i * gap + gap / 2) for i in range(n)] return [l[i] for i in idxs] vr = VideoReader(video_path, ctx=cpu(0)) fps = vr.get_avg_fps() video_duration = len(vr) / fps if choose_fps * int(video_duration) <= MAX_NUM_FRAMES: packing_nums = 1 choose_frames = round(min(choose_fps, round(fps)) * min(MAX_NUM_FRAMES, video_duration)) else: packing_nums = math.ceil(video_duration * choose_fps / MAX_NUM_FRAMES) if packing_nums <= MAX_NUM_PACKING: choose_frames = round(video_duration * choose_fps) else: choose_frames = round(MAX_NUM_FRAMES * MAX_NUM_PACKING) packing_nums = MAX_NUM_PACKING frame_idx = [i for i in range(0, len(vr))] frame_idx = np.array(uniform_sample(frame_idx, choose_frames)) if force_packing: packing_nums = min(force_packing, MAX_NUM_PACKING) print(video_path, ' duration:', video_duration) print(f'get video frames={len(frame_idx)}, packing_nums={packing_nums}') frames = vr.get_batch(frame_idx).asnumpy() frame_idx_ts = frame_idx / fps scale = np.arange(0, video_duration, TIME_SCALE) frame_ts_id = map_to_nearest_scale(frame_idx_ts, scale) / TIME_SCALE frame_ts_id = frame_ts_id.astype(np.int32) assert len(frames) == len(frame_ts_id) frames = [Image.fromarray(v.astype('uint8')).convert('RGB') for v in frames] frame_ts_id_group = group_array(frame_ts_id, packing_nums) return frames, frame_ts_id_group video_path="video_test.mp4" fps = 5 # fps for video force_packing = None # You can set force_packing to ensure that 3D packing is forcibly enabled; otherwise, encode_video will dynamically set the packing quantity based on the duration. frames, frame_ts_id_group = encode_video(video_path, fps, force_packing=force_packing) question = "Describe the video" msgs = [ {'role': 'user', 'content': frames + [question]}, ] answer = model.chat( msgs=msgs, tokenizer=tokenizer, use_image_id=False, max_slice_nums=1, temporal_ids=frame_ts_id_group ) print(answer) ``` #### Chat with multiple images

Click to show Python code running MiniCPM-V 4.5 with multiple images input.

```python import torch from PIL import Image from transformers import AutoModel, AutoTokenizer model = AutoModel.from_pretrained('openbmb/MiniCPM-V-4_5', trust_remote_code=True, attn_implementation='sdpa', torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16) # sdpa or flash_attention_2 model = model.eval().cuda() tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('openbmb/MiniCPM-V-4_5', trust_remote_code=True) image1 = Image.open('image1.jpg').convert('RGB') image2 = Image.open('image2.jpg').convert('RGB') question = 'Compare image 1 and image 2, tell me about the differences between image 1 and image 2.' msgs = [{'role': 'user', 'content': [image1, image2, question]}] answer = model.chat( msgs=msgs, tokenizer=tokenizer ) print(answer) ```

#### In-context few-shot learning

Click to view Python code running MiniCPM-V 4.5 with few-shot input.

```python import torch from PIL import Image from transformers import AutoModel, AutoTokenizer model = AutoModel.from_pretrained('openbmb/MiniCPM-V-4_5', trust_remote_code=True, attn_implementation='sdpa', torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16) model = model.eval().cuda() tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('openbmb/MiniCPM-V-4_5', trust_remote_code=True) question = "production date" image1 = Image.open('example1.jpg').convert('RGB') answer1 = "2023.08.04" image2 = Image.open('example2.jpg').convert('RGB') answer2 = "2007.04.24" image_test = Image.open('test.jpg').convert('RGB') msgs = [ {'role': 'user', 'content': [image1, question]}, {'role': 'assistant', 'content': [answer1]}, {'role': 'user', 'content': [image2, question]}, {'role': 'assistant', 'content': [answer2]}, {'role': 'user', 'content': [image_test, question]} ] answer = model.chat( msgs=msgs, tokenizer=tokenizer ) print(answer) ```

## License #### Model License * The MiniCPM-o/V model weights and code are open-sourced under the [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM-V/blob/main/LICENSE) license. * To help us better understand and support our users, we would deeply appreciate it if you could consider optionally filling out a brief registration ["questionnaire"](https://modelbest.feishu.cn/share/base/form/shrcnpV5ZT9EJ6xYjh3Kx0J6v8g). #### Statement * As an LMM, MiniCPM-V 4.5 generates contents by learning a large amount of multimodal corpora, but it cannot comprehend, express personal opinions or make value judgement. Anything generated by MiniCPM-V 4.5 does not represent the views and positions of the model developers * We will not be liable for any problems arising from the use of the MinCPM-V models, including but not limited to data security issues, risk of public opinion, or any risks and problems arising from the misdirection, misuse, dissemination or misuse of the model. ## Key Techniques and Other Multimodal Projects 👏 Welcome to explore key techniques of MiniCPM-V 4.5 and other multimodal projects of our team: [VisCPM](https://github.com/OpenBMB/VisCPM/tree/main) | [RLPR](https://github.com/OpenBMB/RLPR) | [RLHF-V](https://github.com/RLHF-V/RLHF-V) | [LLaVA-UHD](https://github.com/thunlp/LLaVA-UHD) | [RLAIF-V](https://github.com/RLHF-V/RLAIF-V) ## Citation If you find our work helpful, please consider citing our papers 📝 and liking this project ❤️！ ```bib @misc{yu2025minicpmv45cookingefficient, title={MiniCPM-V 4.5: Cooking Efficient MLLMs via Architecture, Data, and Training Recipe}, author={Tianyu Yu and Zefan Wang and Chongyi Wang and Fuwei Huang and Wenshuo Ma and Zhihui He and Tianchi Cai and Weize Chen and Yuxiang Huang and Yuanqian Zhao and Bokai Xu and Junbo Cui and Yingjing Xu and Liqing Ruan and Luoyuan Zhang and Hanyu Liu and Jingkun Tang and Hongyuan Liu and Qining Guo and Wenhao Hu and Bingxiang He and Jie Zhou and Jie Cai and Ji Qi and Zonghao Guo and Chi Chen and Guoyang Zeng and Yuxuan Li and Ganqu Cui and Ning Ding and Xu Han and Yuan Yao and Zhiyuan Liu and Maosong Sun}, year={2025}, eprint={2509.18154}, archivePrefix={arXiv}, primaryClass={cs.LG}, url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.18154}, } @article{yao2024minicpm, title={MiniCPM-V: A GPT-4V Level MLLM on Your Phone}, author={Yao, Yuan and Yu, Tianyu and Zhang, Ao and Wang, Chongyi and Cui, Junbo and Zhu, Hongji and Cai, Tianchi and Li, Haoyu and Zhao, Weilin and He, Zhihui and others}, journal={Nat Commun 16, 5509 (2025)}, year={2025} } ```

openbmb/MiniCPM-V-4_5-gguf

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